https://linux.cn/article-5926-1.html
Systemctl是一个systemd工具，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。
Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。
在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有为数不多的几个发行版尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。
使用Systemctl管理Linux服务
本文旨在阐明在运行systemd的系统上“如何控制系统和服务”。
Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础
1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本
# systemctl --versionsystemd 215+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR
上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。
2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置
# whereis systemd systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz# whereis systemctlsystemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
3. 检查systemd是否运行
# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemdroot 1 0 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23root 444 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journaldroot 469 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevdroot 555 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-loginddbus 556 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
注意：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（即 -eaf）。
也请注意上例中后随的方括号和例子中剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。
4. 分析systemd启动进程
# systemd-analyzeStartup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s
5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间
# systemd-analyze blame8.565s mariadb.service7.991s webmin.service6.095s postfix.service4.311s httpd.service3.926s firewalld.service3.780s kdump.service3.238s tuned.service1.712s network.service1.394s lvm2-monitor.service1.126s systemd-logind.service....
6. 分析启动时的关键链
# systemd-analyze critical-chainThe time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.multi-user.target @20.222s└─mariadb.service @11.657s +8.565s └─network.target @11.168s └─network.service @9.456s +1.712s └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms └─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s └─basic.target @4.916s └─sockets.target @4.916s └─dbus.socket @4.916s └─sysinit.target @4.905s └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms └─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms └─local-fs.target @4.324s └─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096 └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4
重要：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。
7. 列出所有可用单元
# systemctl list-unit-filesUNIT FILE STATE proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabledbrandbot.path disabled.....
8. 列出所有运行中单元
# systemctl list-unitsUNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTIONproc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Systesys-devices-pc...0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged VBOX_CD-ROMsys-devices-pc...:00:03.0-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adaptersys-devices-pc...00:05.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controllersys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged VBOX_HARDDISKsys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged VBOX_HARDDISKsys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1sys-module-configfs.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/configfs...
9. 列出所有失败单元
# systemctl --failedUNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTIONkdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel armingLOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
10. 检查某个单元（如 cron.service）是否启用
# systemctl is-enabled crond.serviceenabled
11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行
# systemctl status firewalld.servicefirewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 16:27:55 IST; 34min ago Main PID: 549 (firewalld) CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service └─549 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopidApr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
使用Systemctl控制并管理服务
12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的）
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=serviceUNIT FILE STATE arp-ethers.service disabledauditd.service enabled autovt@.service disabledblk-availability.service disabledbrandbot.service static collectd.service disabledconsole-getty.service disabledconsole-shell.service disabledcpupower.service disabledcrond.service enabled dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service enabled ....
13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（如 httpd.service）状态
# systemctl start httpd.service# systemctl restart httpd.service# systemctl stop httpd.service# systemctl reload httpd.service# systemctl status httpd.servicehttpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled) Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:21:30 IST; 6s ago Process: 2876 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 2881 (httpd) Status: "Processing requests..." CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service ├─2881 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2884 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2885 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2886 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─2887 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND └─2888 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUNDApr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssageApr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.注意：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。
14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（即系统启动时自动启动服务）
# systemctl is-active httpd.service# systemctl enable httpd.service# systemctl disable httpd.service
15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（如 httpd.service）
# systemctl mask httpd.serviceln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'# systemctl unmask httpd.servicerm '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'
16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务
# systemctl kill httpd# systemctl status httpdhttpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:01:42 IST; 28min ago Main PID: 2881 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=226Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state.Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点
17. 列出所有系统挂载点
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mountUNIT FILE STATE dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled
18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态
# systemctl start tmp.mount# systemctl stop tmp.mount# systemctl restart tmp.mount# systemctl reload tmp.mount# systemctl status tmp.mounttmp.mount - Temporary Directory Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled) Active: active (mounted) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:46:06 IST; 2min 48s ago Where: /tmp What: tmpfs Docs: man:hier(7)http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems Process: 3908 ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounting Temporary Directory...Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory.
19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载）
# systemctl is-active tmp.mount# systemctl enable tmp.mount# systemctl disable tmp.mount
20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启用）或可见挂载点
# systemctl mask tmp.mountln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'# systemctl unmask tmp.mountrm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口
21. 列出所有可用系统套接口
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=socketUNIT FILE STATE dbus.socket static dm-event.socket enabled lvm2-lvmetad.socket enabled rsyncd.socket disabledsshd.socket disabledsyslog.socket static systemd-initctl.socket static systemd-journald.socket static systemd-shutdownd.socket static systemd-udevd-control.socket static systemd-udevd-kernel.socket static 11 unit files listed.
22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态
# systemctl start cups.socket# systemctl restart cups.socket# systemctl stop cups.socket# systemctl reload cups.socket# systemctl status cups.socketcups.socket - CUPS Printing Service Sockets Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.socket; enabled) Active: active (listening) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:10:59 IST; 8s ago Listen: /var/run/cups/cups.sock (Stream)Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets.Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
23. 在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动）
# systemctl is-active cups.socket# systemctl enable cups.socket# systemctl disable cups.socket
24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口
# systemctl mask cups.socketln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'# systemctl unmask cups.socketrm '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'
服务的CPU利用率（分配额）
25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd）
# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.serviceCPUShares=1024
注意：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。
26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/
# systemctl set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000# systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.serviceCPUShares=2000
注意：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（如 httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：
# vi /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf [Service]CPUShares=2000
27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节
# systemctl show httpdId=httpd.serviceNames=httpd.serviceRequires=basic.targetWants=system.sliceWantedBy=multi-user.targetConflicts=shutdown.targetBefore=shutdown.target multi-user.targetAfter=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.sliceDescription=The Apache HTTP ServerLoadState=loadedActiveState=activeSubState=runningFragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service....
28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链
# systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.serviceThe time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.httpd.service +142ms└─network.target @11.168s └─network.service @9.456s +1.712s └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms └─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s └─basic.target @4.916s └─sockets.target @4.916s └─dbus.socket @4.916s └─sysinit.target @4.905s └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms └─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms └─local-fs.target @4.324s └─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service @4.092s +149ms └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4.092s
29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表
# systemctl list-dependencies httpd.servicehttpd.service├─system.slice└─basic.target ├─firewalld.service ├─microcode.service ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service ├─rhel-autorelabel.service ├─rhel-configure.service ├─rhel-dmesg.service ├─rhel-loadmodules.service ├─paths.target ├─slices.target │ ├─-.slice │ └─system.slice ├─sockets.target │ ├─dbus.socket....
30. 按等级列出控制组
# systemd-cgls├─1 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23├─user.slice│ └─user-0.slice│ └─session-1.scope│ ├─2498 sshd: root@pts/0 │ ├─2500 -bash│ ├─4521 systemd-cgls│ └─4522 systemd-cgls└─system.slice ├─httpd.service │ ├─4440 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND │ ├─4442 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND │ ├─4443 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND │ ├─4444 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND │ ├─4445 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND │ └─4446 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND ├─polkit.service │ └─721 /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug....
31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组
# systemd-cgtopPath Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s/ 83 1.0 437.8M - -/system.slice - 0.1 - - -/system.slice/mariadb.service 2 0.1 - - -/system.slice/tuned.service 1 0.0 - - -/system.slice/httpd.service 6 0.0 - - -/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/auditd.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/crond.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/dbus.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/firewalld.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/lvm2-lvmetad.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/polkit.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/postfix.service 3 - - - -/system.slice/rsyslog.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/system-getty.slice/getty@tty1.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/systemd-journald.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/systemd-logind.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/systemd-udevd.service 1 - - - -/system.slice/webmin.service 1 - - - -/user.slice/user-0.slice/session-1.scope 3 - - - -
控制系统运行等级
32. 启动系统救援模式
# systemctl rescueBroadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/0 (Wed 2015-04-29 11:31:18 IST):The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!
33. 进入紧急模式
# systemctl emergencyWelcome to emergency mode! After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to viewsystem logs, "systemctl reboot" to reboot, "systemctl default" to try againto boot into default mode.
34. 列出当前使用的运行等级
# systemctl get-defaultmulti-user.target
35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式
# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target或# systemctl isolate graphical.target
36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行）
# systemctl isolate runlevel3.target或# systemctl isolate multiuser.target
36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级
# systemctl set-default runlevel3.target# systemctl set-default runlevel5.target
37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠
# systemctl reboot# systemctl halt# systemctl suspend# systemctl hibernate# systemctl hybrid-sleep
对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。
Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统
Runlevel 1 : 救援？维护模式
Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统
Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器
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